Compounds isolation from Syzygium cumini leaf extract against the Vibrio species in shrimp through bioassay-guided fractionation.

This study was conducted to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds from the ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini leaf against Vibrio species through a bioassay-guided fractionation. The ethanol extract was exposed to silica gel chromatography followed by reversed phase HPLC to isolate the most effective fraction against V. parahaemolyticus. Using further UHPLC-orbitrap-ion trap mass spectrometry, five compounds were isolated with broad-spectrum potency against a range of Vibrio species viz. V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus and V. anguillarum. The IC50 values for the compounds ranged from 8 to 48 µg/mL against the most sensitive species V. vulnificus and 58 to >400 µg/mL against V. alginolyticus. The results of the toxicity tests demonstrated that the compounds were not harmful for shrimp. The study's findings indicate that S. cumini leaf extract may contain bioactive molecules that are able to be substituted for antibiotics to treat vibriosis in shrimp farming.

Effect of Syzygium cumini on Oxidative Stress Induced Cardiac Cellular Anomalies.

INTRODUCTION: Doxorubicin (Dox), an antineoplastic agent is used as a primary anticancerous drug against various types of cancers. However, its associated toxicity to the cardiovascular system is major. Literature has recorded the cases of mortality due to poor validation and lack of prediagnosis of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Therapeutic interventions using natural products having cardioprotective properties with low toxic outcomes hold therapeutic potential for future cardio-oncological therapies. Syzygium cumini (Black berry), a traditional Indian herbal plant, has been researched and found to exert cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which have been credited due to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. METHODS: In the current research, we investigated the cardioprotective potential of Syzygium cumini against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Methanolic seed extract preparation of Syzygium cumini was performed using the Soxhlet apparatus. Cell viability and cell death assays were performed to determine the cardiotoxic doses of Doxorubicin. Furthermore, the cardioprotective potential of Syzygium cumini extract against DIC was studied. Morphological and nuclear alterations in H9C2 cells were studied by microscopic assays using Giemsa, Haematoxylin-Eosin stain, and PI. The intracellular stress level and ROS production were studied using DCFH-DA followed by mitochondrial integrity analysis using fluorescent microscopic methods. RESULTS: In the results, we investigated that Dox exerted a dose and time-dependent cardiotoxicity on H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we observed that morphological and nuclear alterations caused by doxorubicin in dose-dependent manner were prevented by supplementing with Syzygium cumini polyphenols and it attenuated the oxidative stress in H9C2 cardiomyocytes effectively. CONCLUSION: Conclusively, Syzygium cumini possesses cardioprotective potential in H9C2 cardiomyocytes in dox-induced cardiotoxicity.

Properties of active packaging of PLA-PCL film integrated with chitosan as an antibacterial agent and syzygium cumini seed extract as an antioxidant agent.

Active packaging is becoming increasingly significant in the food industry. The present study aims to explore the use of Syzygium Cumini Seed Extract (SCSE) as an antioxidant and chitosan as an antibacterial agent to produce active packaging based on polylactic acid (PLA), poly ε-caprolactone (PCL), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) blend. Using advanced characterization techniques, active packaging (PLA/PCL/PEG) incorporating with 0.5 g chitosan-0.5 mL SCSE was evaluated for its mechanical, physical, structural, and antibacterial-antioxidant properties. The addition of chitosan-SCSE caused an 18.57 % increase in tensile strength and decreased the Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) by up to 52 %, whereas smooth surface microscopy indicated good compatibility between polymers and active agents. Active packaging incorporating chitosan-SCSE reduced 96.66 % of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and 73.98 % of Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli. During 15 days of storage, the active packaging was able to slow the increase in Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVBN) in beef and prevent the decrease in vitamin C contents in pineapple.

Antimicrobial and Synergistic Effects of Syzygium cumini, Moringa oleifera, and Tinospora cordifolia Against Different Candida Infections.

Introduction The burden of multiple drug resistance in human pathogens has necessitated the search for and development of antimicrobial agents with a wide range of structural classes and potentials to selectively act on the several mechanisms of actions exhibited by the pathogens. However, most synthetic antimicrobial agents have been linked with adverse side effects and high costs, furthering the need to explore more options. Syzygium cumini, Moringa oleifera, and Tinospora cordifolia are three medicinal plants used in traditional medicine systems for various infectious diseases. They contain various phytochemicals that exhibit antimicrobial activities against various bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The mechanisms of their antimicrobial action may involve the disruption of microbial cell walls and membranes, the inhibition of microbial enzyme and biofilm formation, the modulation of microbial gene expression and quorum sensing, and the induction of microbial cell death. Therefore, the present study evaluated the potentials of aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. cumini, M. oleifera, and T. cordifolia in managing infections as measured by their inhibitory effects on species. Materials and method Syzygium cumini, M. oleifera, and T. cordifolia were obtained and authenticated, and their aqueous and ethanol extracts were prepared. The antibacterial properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts were examined. In addition to broth microdilution and biofilm development experiments, we also employed disk diffusion and agar-well diffusion techniques. The inocula of various species, including krusei, parapsilosis, utilis, albicans, and glabrata, were prepared for these assays. The synergistic effect of plant extracts with fluconazole was also evaluated. Results Syzygium cumini, M. oleifera, and T. cordifolia emerge as promising sources for the development of effective and sustainable antimicrobial interventions. Interestingly, the aqueous and ethanol extracts were effective against the selected species. Also, the synergistic combination of plant extracts with fluconazole was observed to triple the potency of the extracts. Furthermore, the potency of the plant extract as an antifungal and synergistic agent was ranked as S. cumini > M. oleifera > T. cordifolia. Conclusively, the plant extracts are effective in the management of opportunistic fungal infections.

Syzygium cumini ameliorates high fat diet induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, weight gain, hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity through modulation of PTP1B and PPARγ signaling.

Metabolic disorders are majorly associated with insulin resistance and an impaired glucose tolerance. Since, many of the currently available drugs exhibit adverse effects and are resistant to therapies, natural products are a promising alternate in the alleviation of complex metabolic disorders. In the current study, Syzygium cumini methanolic extract (SCE) was investigated for its anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic potential using C57BL/6 mice fed on high fat diet (HFD). The HFD fed obese mice were treated with 200 mg/kg SCE and compared with positive controls Metformin, Pioglitazone and Sodium Orthovanadate. The biometabolites in SCE were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. A reduction in blood glucose levels with improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance was observed in SCE-treated HFD obese mice. Histopathological and biochemical investigations showed a reduction in hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity in SCE-administered HFD mice. Results showed inhibition of PTP1B and an upregulation of IRS1 and PKB-mediated signaling in skeletal muscle. A significant decrease in lipid markers such as TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDL-c levels were observed with increased HDL-c in SCE-treated HFD mice. A significant decrease in weight and adiposity was observed in SCE-administered HFD mice in comparison to controls. This decrease could be due to the partial agonism of PPARγ and an increased expression of adiponectin, an insulin sensitizer. Hence, the dual-modulatory effect of SCE, partly due to the presence of 26% Pyrogallol, could be useful in the management of diabetes and its associated maladies.

Mechanistic role of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels in glycation induced diabetic nephropathy via RAGE-NF-κB pathway and extracellular proteins modifications: A molecular approach.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (SC), an ancient medicinal plant, is used as a complementary and alternative medicine for treating diabetes mellitus and its associated complications, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Phytochemicals present in SC homeopathic formulations possess anti-glycemic, anti-glycation, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Additionally, the non-enzymatic formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) increases during hyperglycemia in diabetes. AGEs interaction with their receptor of AGEs (RAGE) promotes inflammation via Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and the accumulation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins, contributing to the renal dysfunction in DN. However, the molecular mechanism through which SC formulations interact with the AGEs-RAGE-NF-κB pathway has not yet been investigated. AIM: This study aims to examine the impact of SC formulations on the RAGE-NF-κB pathway and ECM protein modifications in glycation-induced DN using a molecular approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human serum albumin (10 mg/ml) was glycated with MGO (55 mM) in the presence of SC formulations - Mother tincture (MT), 30C, 200C for 7 days. Glycated samples were added to renal cells (HEK 293) for 24 h. Subsequently, cellular gene and protein expressions of RAGE, NF-κB, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), collagen IV (Col IV), and fibronectin were determined using RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. The immunofluorescence, luciferase assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques were employed to gain insights into glycation-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, transcriptional activity, and its effect on RAGE promoter activity in SC-treated cells. RESULTS: SC formulations significantly downregulated glycation-induced elevated levels of RAGE and NF-κB. Mechanistically, SC formulations prevented NF-κB nuclear translocation, transcriptional activity, and RAGE promoter activity. Also, SC formulations significantly attenuated glycation-enhanced expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and VEGF) and ECM proteins (Col IV and fibronectin). CONCLUSION: Our findings enlighten the molecular mechanism of SC in DN by targeting the AGEs-RAGE-NF-κB signaling pathway, inflammatory responses, and ECM accumulation. Hence, the study validates the protective role of SC formulations and signifies its novel potential for treating DN.

Comparative Study of Essential Oils from Different Organs of Syzygium cumini (Pamposia) Based on GC/MS Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Antiaging Activity.

Syzygium cumini L. is an evergreen tree belonging to family Myrtaceae, employed for different traditional uses like diabetes, inflammation, and fever. The current study aimed to compare the chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) isolated from different organs of Syzygium cumini (leaves (Scl), fruits (Scf), seeds (Scs), and bark (Scb)) using a GC/MS analysis. Also, a chemometric analysis was applied to explore the main similarities and differences among different organs using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA). Furthermore, in vitro antiaging activities were investigated via anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase assays. The GC-MS analysis revealed 82 compounds representing 92.13%, 99.42%, 100%, and 92.97% in Scl, Scf, Scs, and Scb, respectively. The predominant components were α-pinene, ß-pinene, (E)-ß-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and α-humulene epoxide II with variable percentages. All EOs were positioned on positive PC1, except for Scs, which was positioned on the negative side in a separate quadrant. The HCA dendrogram displayed the closeness of Scl and Scb, which was not clearly recognized in the PCA score plot. Moreover, the Scs oils were totally discriminated from other parts. The Scl and Scs oils showed superior anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities. Thus, S. cumini oils should be considered for cosmetic preparations to retard skin aging manifestations.

In vitro antimalarial activity of Syzygium cumini fruit fraction.

Background: Malaria is still one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. The development of treatment, prevention, and control of malaria is one of the substantial problems in the world. Aims: To investigate the in vitro antimalarial activity of Syzygium cumini methanol fruit fraction. Methods: Syzygium cumini L fruit powder was macerated with methanol (PA) and the extract obtained was fractionated using the liquid-liquid partition method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, methanol, and water solvents. In vitro antimalarial assay was conducted using the culture of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain culture that had reached >5% growth and was examined for IC50 values using a 24-well microplate in duplicate. Each treatment and control well contained 1,080 µl of complete media. Well, number 1 was added with 120 µl fraction, and then the solution was diluted until it reached 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µg/ml the final concentration in the microtiter well. The control only contained complete media and infected erythrocytes without the addition of anti-malarial drugs. The microplate was incubated for 48 hours. After 48 hours, a thin blood smear was made fixed with methanol and stained with 20% Giemsa for 20 minutes to determine the IC50 value by plotting sample concentrations and percentage of parasitemia in Excel. Results: The IC50 values of ethyl acetate fraction, n.hexane fraction, butanol fraction, and water fraction were 1.189, 76.996, 1,769, and 15.058 µg/ml, respectively. Whereases the IC50 values of C1 fraction (mix fraction from chloroform: methanol 100:0 and 90:10) and C4 fraction (mix fraction from chloroform: methanol 20:80, 10:90, and 0:100) were 100.126 and 1.015 µg/ml, respectively. The results showed that the IC50 value of ethyl acetate, butanol, and C4 fraction were lower than 10µg/ml and were considered as good activity (strong antimalarial activity). Conclusion: The ethyl acetate, butanol and C4 subfraction from S. cumini fruit have the potential to be developed as an antimalarial agent.

Hypoglycemic activity of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels seed extracts: an approach to in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies.

This research is carried out to explore the hypoglycemic activity of Syzygium cumini seed extracts by in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods. For in vitro studies the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assays were employed. For in vivo studies 30 alloxan induced Wistar rats were used. They were orally administered with glibenclamide and low/high dose of the extracts and were monitored regularly for the change in blood glucose levels for about 28 days. The in silico molecular docking was conducted to evaluate the binding interaction of 1,2,3-Benzenetriol with human pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase. It was found that all the extracts were able to inhibit the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Among which the acetone extract showed greater inhibition with 72.52 ± 0.51% and 63.02 ± 0.73% for both the enzymes, respectively. There was significant (p < 0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels in the rats administered with glibenclamide and extracts. In silico docking results revealed that the compound 1,2,3-Benzenetriol exhibited the highest binding affinity for human pancreatic α-amylase with binding energy -7.7 kcal/mol. Thus suggesting the utilization of S. cumini seeds in the management of diabetes mellitus.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Protective Effect of Quercetin and p-Coumaric Acid (p-CA) Against Cardiotoxicity: An In Silico Study.

BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a common antimalarial drug that has been used effectively in the treatment of various rheumatic and auto-immunity diseases. The major side effects and drawbacks associated with HCQ are cardiotoxicity, retinopathy, gastrointestinal upset, and neuromyopathy however, cardiotoxicity is an increasing concern and it is critical to avoid heart dysfunction induced by HCQ. The present work is focused on receptor and signaling molecules associated with pathways attributing to drug-induced cardiotoxicity. We analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of selected natural products in HCQ-induced cardiotoxicity through insilico. We selected Syzygium cumini polyphenols, quercetin, and p-coumaric acid. The motivation behind selecting quercetin, and p-coumaric acid is their wide applicability as an antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and cardioprotective. METHODS: For predicting quercetin, p-coumaric acid, and HCQ toxicity and physicochemical properties, in silico studies were performed using ProTox II and Swiss ADME. We further performed molecular docking using Autodock Vina and Discovery Studio visualizer to find the affinity of selected polyphenols against signaling molecules and receptors. Then we performed network pharmacological studies of selected signaling molecules. RESULTS: We analyzed that the computational method indicated quercetin (Δ G -9.3 kcal/mol) has greater binding affinity than p-Coumaric acid for prevention and restoration of the disease while hydroxychloroquine was taken as a control. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that Syzygium cumini, polyphenols may aid in the future therapeutic potential against HCQ-induced cardiotoxicity.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Extract-Derived Green Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Hepatic Cancer Cells.

An aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini seeds was utilized to green synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). UV-Visible, DLS, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, SAED, EDAX, and photoluminescence spectroscopy techniques were employed to characterize the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles. The rutile crystal structure of TiO2 NPs was revealed by XRD study. The TEM and FESEM images of the TiO2 NPs revealed an average particle size of 50-100 nm. We employed EDAX to investigate the elemental compositions of TiO2 NPs. The O-Ti-O stretching bands appeared in the FTIR spectrum of TiO2 NPs at wavenumbers of 495 cm-1. The absorption edge peaks of TiO2 NPs were found in the UV-vis spectra at 397 nm. The MTT study revealed that TiO2 NPs effectively inhibited the growth of liver cancer Hep3 and Hep-G2 cells. The results of the corresponding fluorescent staining assays showed that TiO2 NPs significantly increased ROS generation, decreased MMP, and induced apoptosis in both liver cancer Hep3 and Hep-G2 cells. TiO2 nanoparticles lessened SOD, CAT, and GSH levels while augmenting MDA contents in Hep3 and Hep-G2 cells. In both Hep3 and Hep-G2 cells treated with TiO2 NPs, the Bax, CytC, p53, caspase-3, -8, and -9 expressions were remarkably augmented, while Bcl-2 expression was reduced. Overall, these findings revealed that formulated TiO2 NPs treatment considerably inhibited growth and triggered apoptosis in Hep3 and HepG2 cells.

The combined effect of EGR and hydrogen addition on a Syzygium cumini (jamun) liquid biofuel engine.

Rapid depletion of fossil fuels required the development of alternate and sustainable fuel sources that could replace conventional fuel while having no negative environmental impact. Combining hydrogen induction with biodiesel ensures strict emission standards and lowers energy consumption compared to conventional fuels. In this study, the performance, emissions, and combustion of a CI engine for Syzygium cumini (B20) were assessed and compared to diesel fuel while using a fixed amount of hydrogen flow rate (6L/m). Throughout the experiment, an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology of 10% and 20% and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm at varying engine load circumstances were used. When hydrogen is added to B20, it decrease the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC). At maximum load, the use of the EGR system decreased the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) by 13.4% and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emission by 25%, but it had a negative impact on BTE, BSEC, as well as other emission parameters including CO and UHC. Therefore, using hydrogen in dual fuel mode in a CI engine enhances performance and lowers exhaust emissions, while using the EGR approach reduces NOX emissions.

Antibacterial Potential of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized From Leaf Extract of Syzygium cumini Against Multidrug-Resistant Urinary Tract Pathogens.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most commonly encountered bacterial infections. Due to the misuse or excessive use of antibiotics, the upsurge of multidrug-resistance cases in UTIs has now become a global threat to public health. Exploring a newer or safer treatment using green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) is another substitute for eliminating multidrug-resistant pathogens. METHODOLOGY: Leaf extract of Syzygium cumini was used for green synthesis of gold NPs. Synthesis of Syzygium cumini gold nanoparticles (ScAu-NPs) was achieved by optimizing various reaction parameters. These ScAu-NPs were characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction. ScAu-NPs were then processed for antibacterial activity against clinically isolated multidrug-resistant pathogens like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. RESULTS: Characterization of NPs revealed that biosynthesized NPs were spherical in shape. FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of phenolics and aromatic compounds. Biosynthesized NPs exhibit good antibacterial activity with a significant bacterial reduction seen against all bacterial isolates compared to the controls. CONCLUSION: From the results of the present study, the formulation of biosynthesized ScAu-NPs can be utilized in drug development for eliminating infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Data from the batch adsorption of ciprofloxacin and lamivudine from synthetic solution using jamun seed (Syzygium cumini) biochar: Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization.

This dataset expresses the experimental data on the batch adsorption of ciprofloxacin and lamivudine from synthetic solution using jamun seed (JS) (Syzygium cumini) biochar. Independent variables including concentration of pollutants (10-500 ppm), contact time (30-300 min), adsorbent dosage (1-1000 mg), pH (1-14) and adsorbent calcination temperature (250,300, 600 and 750 °C) were studied and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Empirical models were developed to predict the maximum removal efficiency of ciprofloxacin and lamivudine, and the results were compared with the experimental data. The removal of polutants was more influenced by concentration, followed by adsorbent dosagage, pH, and contact time and the maximum removal reached 90%.

Molecular Fingerprinting and Phytochemical Investigation of Syzygium cumini L. from Different Agro-Ecological Zones of India.

Syzygium cumini L. (ver Jamun; BlackBerry) is a native, evergreen multipurpose tree species of India. Besides being a fruit tree and for agroforestry in different regions, it is medicinally important too. This study aimed to determine genetic diversity using molecular and phytochemical markers in sixteen genotypes of Indian S. cumini from different agro-ecological zones. The present study used a combination of ISSR markers and the HPLC technique to explore these genotypes. The results showed a wide genetic diversity range based on the similarity coefficient values observed in S. cumini sixteen accessions from different sites. Four primary phenolic acids were discovered in all the accessions; caffeic acid (CA) was found in high concentrations. The intraspecific association between molecular and phytochemical characteristics was the primary goal of this investigation. By employing gene-specific markers for the route of secondary metabolites (polyphenols) production, it further investigated the progressive research of diversity analysis of polyphenol content in S. cumini accessions, which may also expand its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical utilization.

Long-Term Supplementation of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Concentrate Alleviates Age-Related Cognitive Deficit and Oxidative Damage: A Comparative Study of Young vs. Old Mice.

The Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels is reported to have medicinal properties, but its benefits on age-related neurological changes have not been previously explored. In the current study, after phytochemical analysis of the pulp of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels fruit (Sy. cmi), young BALB/c mice have been supplemented with its 5, 15, and 30% dilution for 16 months, followed by behavioral experimentation and biochemical evaluation of isolated brains. The Sy. cmi has been found enriched with phenols/flavonoids while the occurrence of nine phytocompounds has been identified through GC-MS analysis. Further, Sy. cmi supplementation has caused significant (p < 0.05) protection from anxiety-like behavior in aged mice, and they have explored open, illuminated, and exposed areas of open field, light/dark, and an elevated plus maze, respectively. Furthermore, these animals have shown improved cognitive abilities as their percent (%) spontaneous alteration and novelty preference are significantly greater in T-maze and Y-maze and familiarity/novelty recognition tests. Further, Sy. cmi-supplemented mice remember the aversive stimuli zone and escape box location in passive avoidance and Barnes maze tests, and their brains have low levels of malondialdehyde and acetylcholinesterase with elevated antioxidant enzymes. The outcomes have provided scientific insight into the beneficial effects of Sy. cmi on age-associated amnesia that might be attributed to antioxidant and anticholinergic effects exerted by phytocompounds (caryophyllene, humulene, ß-Farnesene, and phytol) owned by Syzygium cumini.

Selection of the promising accessions of jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels) based on pomological characterizations.

Jamun (Syzygium cumini [L.] Skeels) is one of the most potential underutilized fruit crops. Here, phenotypic and pomological variability among 61 accessions of this species was investigated. Analysis of variance (p < .01) revealed significant differences among the accessions studied based on the traits recorded. Ripening date ranged from late June to mid-July. Fruit color was purple in 13, dark purple in 30, and black in 18 accessions. Fruit weight ranged from 2.12 to 8.95 g, and fruit flesh thickness varied from 1.25 to 6.78 mm. Principal component analysis showed that fruit-related characters are very important in differentiating among selections. The studied accessions were divided into two groups and several subgroups based on cluster analysis, which showed the phenotypic variations among them. Beside the significant differences among the accessions of different regions, significant variation was observed between the accessions of each region. The obtained results are useful for designing conservation strategies for the germplasm as well as implementing breeding programs, such as introducing cultivars with different goals, including early or late ripening and seedless, nonastringent, large, and deeper color-fruits. Based on the fruit quality attributes, such as fruit weight, color, and taste; eight accessions, including Pirdan-3, Soldan-1, Pirdan-6, Soldan-5, Nasirabad-3, Soldan-3, Nasirabad-8, and Ganjabad-11, were selected which can be cultivated directly in orchards or used as parents in breeding programs.

Caracterização da droga vegetal e solução extrativa obtidos a partir de Syzygium cumini (l. ) skeels para futuro desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas / Characterization of the plant drug and extractive solution obtained from Syzygium cumini (l. ) skeels for future development of pharmaceutical forms / Caracterización de la droga vegetal y de la solución extractiva obtenida de Syzygium cumini (l. ) skeels para el futuro desarrollo de formas farmacéuticas

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels é uma árvore popularmente conhecida como "jamelão" ou "azeitona-roxa", é um vegetal frutífero de grande porte, pertencente à família Myrtaceae e de origem asiática, teve sua expansão em diversas regiões do mundo, no Brasil é encontrada no Nordeste, Norte e Sudeste. Quando aplicada na medicina tradicional apresenta diversas propriedades farmacológicas contidas em suas folhas, frutos, sementes e caule, com isso torna-se uma espécie bastante promissora para a indústria farmacêutica e alimentícia, pois além de conter características benéficas possui um alto poder econômico. Desta forma, este trabalho visa caracterizar físicoquimicamente a droga vegetal e solução extrativa obtidos a partir das partes aéreas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels para futuro desenvolvimento de forma farmacêutica. O material vegetal de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels foi coletado na região de Araçoiaba-PE. Suas partes aéreas foram secas e trituradas. A solução extrativa foi obtida através da maceração da matéria-prima utilizando o etanol como solvente e as caracterizações foram realizadas de acordo com a Farmacopeia Brasileira 6° edição.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels is a tree popularly known as "jamelão" or "olive-purple", is a large fruiting plant, belonging to the Myrtaceae family and of Asian origin, had its expansion in several regions of the world, in Brazil is found in the Nor- theast, North and Southeast. When applied in traditional medicine it presents several phar- macological properties contained in its leaves, fruits, seeds and stem, thus becoming a very promising species for the pharmaceutical and food industry, because besides contai- ning beneficial characteristics it has a high economic power. Thus, this work aims to physicochemically characterize the plant drug and extractive solution obtained from the aerial parts of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels for future development of pharmaceutical form. The plant material of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels was collected in the region of Araçoiaba-PE. Its aerial parts were dried and triturated. The extractive solution was obtained by maceration of the raw material using ethanol as solvent and the characteriza- tions were performed according to the Brazilian Pharmacopeia 6th edition.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels es un árbol conocido popularmente como "ja- melão" o "oliva-púrpura", es una planta fructífera de gran tamaño, perteneciente a la fa- milia Myrtaceae y de origen asiático, tuvo su expansión en varias regiones del mundo, en Brasil se encuentra en el Nordeste, Norte y Sudeste. Cuando se aplica en la medicina tradicional tiene varias propiedades farmacológicas contenidas en sus hojas, frutos, se- millas y tallo, convirtiéndose así en una especie muy prometedora para la industria far- macéutica y alimentaria, ya que además de contener características beneficiosas tiene un alto poder económico. Así, este trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar fisicoquímica- mente la droga vegetal y la solución extractiva obtenida de las partes aéreas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels para el futuro desarrollo de forma farmacéutica. El material vegetal de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels fue recolectado en la región de Araçoiaba-PE. Sus partes aéreas fueron secadas y trituradas. La solución extractiva se obtuvo por maceración de la materia prima utilizando etanol como solvente y las caracterizaciones se realizaron de acuerdo con la Farmacopea Brasileña 6ª edición.

Anthocyanins Formulated with Carboxymethyl Starch for Gastric and Intestinal Delivery.

Anthocyanins obtained from jambolan have been used as active agents in different carboxymethyl starch-based tablet formulations and their release profiles evaluated in simulated gastric fluids (SGF) and simulated intestinal (SIF) fluids. Structural analysis highlighted a strong interaction between anthocyanins and carboxymethyl starch, evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and infrared analysis. Tablet dissolution behavior varied according to the pH of the media, being controlled by the swelling and/or erosion of the polymeric matrix. Various formulations for immediate, fast, and sustained release of anthocyanins for 30 min, 2 h and 12 h of dissolution have been developed. It was found that monolithic carboxymethyl starch tablets loaded with powdered jambolan extract efficiently afforded the complete delivery (100% of anthocyanins) to different sites of the simulated gastrointestinal tract and ensured the stability of these pigments, which maintained their antioxidant activity.

An Integrative Review on the Main Flavonoids Found in Some Species of the Myrtaceae Family: Phytochemical Characterization, Health Benefits and Development of Products.

This integrative review aims to identify the main flavonoids present in some species of the Myrtaceae family. Studies published between 2016 and 2022 were selected, specifically those which were fully available and written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, and which were related to the fruits araçá (Psidium cattleianum), cambuí (Myrciaria floribunda), gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa), jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora), and jambolan (Syzygium cumini). Scientific studies were gathered and selected in Google Scholar, Scielo, and Science Direct indexed databases, out of which 14 were about araçá, 7 concerned cambuí, 4 were about gabiroba, 29 were related to jabuticaba, and 33 concerned jambolan, when we observed the pre-established inclusion criteria. Results showed that the anthocyanins, such as cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin, and delphinidin, were the mostly identified class of flavonoids in plants of the Myrtaceae family, mainly relating to the purple/reddish color of the evaluated fruits. Other compounds, such as catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and rutin were also identified in different constituent fractions, such as leaves, peel, pulp, seeds, and in developed products, such as jams, desserts, wines, teas, and other beverages. It is also worth noting the positive health effects verified in these studies, such as anti-inflammatory qualities for jambolan, antidiabetic qualities for gabiroba, antioxidant qualities for araçá, and cardioprotective actions for jabuticaba, which are related to the presence of these phytochemicals. Therefore, it is possible to point out that flavonoids are important compounds in the chemical constitution of the studied plants of the Myrtaceae family, with promising potential in the development of new products by the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries due to their bioactive properties.